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Justin Clark

Public Historian & Digital Humanist
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Emerson - Society and Solitude in the Age of COVID.png

Society and Solitude in the Age of COVID

May 13, 2021

We are living through history, and those of us who survive this crisis will talk about it for decades. It is one of the defining characteristics of our era. With so much going wrong in this world, it is easy to get cynical, to throw up your hands and give up. But that’s not the lesson I wanted to impart today. Each of us has been shaped by this crisis, and the test of our will is in finding out how we respond to it. As such, Emerson’s insights provide us with one voice in a chorus of wisdom that will guide us forward.

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Daniel Dennett’s "Breaking the Spell": 15 Years On

April 13, 2021

Fifteen years later, do the criticisms of Daniel Dennett’s Breaking the Spell hold up? Are Dennett’s concepts of religion off base, or has new scholarship vindicated him? In this re-review of sorts, I will address the main critiques discussed above and evaluate whether they, or the book itself, stand the test of time. We’ll review whether Dennett’s call to “break the spell” is so revolutionary, if religions are “memes,” if people believe in religion because they believe that belief is itself a virtue, what Dennett calls “belief in belief,” and what we should do with religion in the modern age. In the final estimation, we’ll find that each of these conclusions is deeply flawed and the reviewers were right to call out Dennett for his mistakes. In closing, I’ll also challenge the oft-heard notion that Dennett is the “nice” one of the group. While he’s certainly the more level-headed of the bunch when comparing his book to say, The God Delusion or The End of Faith, Dennett still displays all the usual hallmarks of mainstream atheism in our culture: smugness, arrogance, condescension, and intolerance. In short, Breaking the Spell isn’t a bad book, but it isn’t much of a good book, either.

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In Philosophy, Religion Tags Daniel Dennett, New Atheism
Lenin - Socialism and Religion.jpg

“Militant Materialism”: V. I. Lenin, Socialism, and Religion

February 25, 2021

In his writings, Lenin defended traditional secularist values, such as the separation of church and state, liberty of conscience, and free religious association, while also calling for the political separation of religion from political parties and strategically advocating for the atheist/materialist worldview. While it would be too much to say that Lenin was a “humanist” in the general sense of the term, he was nevertheless a secularist whose insights on religion provide left humanists with clear, tactical advice on the interrelationship between faith and politics in the public sphere.

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In Philosophy, Politics, Religion
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Michael Brooks: Against the Web

October 28, 2020

Against the Web: A Cosmopolitan Answer to the New Right (2020, zer0 Books) gives us Michael Brooks’ uncompromising, hilarious, and brilliant analysis of the Intellectual Dark Web from a left perspective. He lays out for the reader all the problematic, insidious, and frightening aspects of the IDW and how we as leftists and socialists should respond to them. He ends the book with an optimistic message of humanism, universalism, and cosmopolitanism invigorated with class-conscious politics and a willingness to call to task the regressive tendencies of this new, but in some sense very old, configuration of the right.

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In Politics Tags Michael Brooks, Intellectual Dark Web, Sam Harris, Jordan Peterson, Ben Shapiro, Socialism, Humanism, Politics
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“The Eternal Yea to Life”: The Radical Humanism of Emma Goldman

September 30, 2020

During her many years of activism, anarchist intellectual Emma Goldman wrote for a variety of publications, including Mother Earth, a magazine she founded in 1906. Her writing championed free speech and expression, free love and open relationships, anarchism, the rights of labor, education, birth control, and criticisms of religion. This essay will explore Goldman’s ideas about atheism and how they fit into her larger ideological framework. As her writings will show, three core themes permeate Goldman’s work: strong advocacy for individual freedom, rejection of Christianity, and the defense of atheism. In all, Emma Goldman’s radical atheism was rooted in her love of humanity, and while the term didn’t exist then, that made her a deeply committed humanist.

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In Philosophy Tags Emma Goldman, Atheism, Capitalism, Socialism, Anarchism, Humanism, Philosophy
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THE FREE WILL DEBATE: MARTIN GARDNER AND THE MYSTERIANS

July 13, 2020

In considering the philosophical problem of free will, one particular viewpoint keeps tapping the back of my mind, like a reliable friend who is there to remind you of your lapses. What if we’re approaching the free will discussion incorrectly altogether? What if the problem of free will can’t be solved, or at least not yet? What if we don’t have the requisite knowledge to definitively answer the free will problem?

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In Philosophy Tags Martin Garder, Philosophy, Free Will, Immanuel Kant, Mysterians
2 Comments
Asimov's Anti-Elitist Intellectualism.jpg

The Anti-Elitist Intellectualism of Isaac Asimov

April 29, 2020

The prolific science fiction author Isaac Asimov, best known for books such as I, Robot and the Foundation series, devoted his life to the causes of science, knowledge, and education. He valued the importance of intellect for a healthy democracy, lamenting the United States’ tendency towards anti-intellectualism. Yet, he also criticized the arrogance, foolishness, and elitism of some of the most intellectually-gifted in our society, particularly in his involvement with Mensa, the social organization of high-IQ individuals. His experiences with the group, good and especially bad, fostered his growing distaste for IQ tests, intellectual gamesmanship, and reactionary politics. In this essay, we’ll be exploring these themes and how their interaction cultivated Asimov’s unique position of anti-elitist intellectualism.

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In Philosophy, Politics Tags Isaac Asimov, Anti-Intellectualism, Mensa, IQ, Science, Democracy, Politics
6 Comments
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Anxiety, Kierkegaard, and Me: Living and Thriving with Nervousness

February 10, 2020

Anxiety is a concept that is nearly universally experienced but almost universally misunderstood. It is not plain nervousness, like when you stop abruptly at a stop light or surprisingly run into an ex-partner or an in-law. For me and many others, it is a constant, pervasive dread that permeates our very existence. A couple of years ago I realized that my anxiety was beginning to affect nearly every aspect of my life, from work and relationships to even my ability to sleep at night. It was here that I began my own investigations into anxiety, reading and studying as much as I could on the subject. From learning about Buddhism to Psychoanalysis and everything in between, I really didn’t crack the “anxiety code” until I discovered a nineteenth century philosopher who wrote a pioneering book on the subject in 1844. 

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In Philosophy, Lifestyle Tags Philosophy, Anxiety, Humanism, Religion, Christianity, Søren Kierkegaard, Kierkegaard, Stress, Personal Growth
1 Comment
Image: New York TImes

Image: New York TImes

The Exuberant Skepticism of Paul Kurtz

January 15, 2020

Paul Kurtz’s skepticism is so much more than debunking the supernatural or fact-checking dubious claims. It is a powerful tool used in the service of improving ourselves, the lives of others, our societies, and our planet. It is rooted in the Enlightenment tradition of Immanuel Kant, who encouraged us to “sapere aude,” or “dare to know.” We often focus on the “know” part of that phrase, as cliches abound on the importance of knowledge (“knowledge is power,” “knowledge is half the battle,” etc.). Yet, Kurtz’s skepticism also homes in on the value of daring, how seeking knowledge can not only give us the correct answer but can give us a better life. We should dare to know—with all of the successes and failures we’ll find along the way—because that’s what makes life worth living.

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In Philosophy Tags Paul Kurtz, Skepticism, Philosophy, Atheism, Science
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Image: Jeremy Bishop/Ling Gigi/Mark Seliger

Image: Jeremy Bishop/Ling Gigi/Mark Seliger

The Injunction of Happiness: Slavoj Žižek and Capitalist Buddhism

August 27, 2019

Buddhism in the western, capitalist context is the same kind of hollow experience that the fleshlight is for sex; it makes one feel better in the short term but doesn’t actually remedy one’s issues in the long term. In this variant, Buddhism is no more a challenger of our material conditions then right-wing Christianity. As Žižek writes, “Although Buddhism presents itself as the remedy for the stressful tension of capitalist dynamics, allowing us to uncouple and retain inner peace and Gelassenheit (self-surrender), it actually functions as capitalism’s perfect ideological supplement.” 

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In Philosophy Tags Slavoj Žižek, Žižek, Slavoj Zizek, Zizek, Buddhism, Capitalism, Mindfulness, Religion
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Dan Barker's "Harmonic Free Will"

July 27, 2019

For many, like the renowned skeptic Martin Gardner, the problem of free will is much like the problem of consciousness, something currently unsolvable based on our lack of knowledge or an insufficient framing of the question. However, what if we’re approaching this the wrong way altogether? What if we’re making this problem harder than we have to? This is author Dan Barker’s take on the problem, in his new book, Free Will Explained. Barker, a former fundamentalist minister turned atheist, uses his breezy tone and biting wit to address one of philosophy’s most daunting problems, one he thinks we’ve grown from a molehill into a mountain.

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In Philosophy Tags Free Will, Dan Barker, Philosophy, Book Review
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Photo by Bench Accounting on Unsplash

Photo by Bench Accounting on Unsplash

Essentialism and Humanism: Decluttering Your Life and Finding Your Purpose

July 27, 2019

I’ve learned about a philosophy of life that has completely reshaped my thinking about what it means to live well. It’s a lifestyle focused less on the amount of things, tasks, and relationships we accrue and more on the quality and intentionality of things, tasks, and relationships we bring into our lives. In short, it’s about finding what is essential for you to be the best version of yourself that you can be.

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In Lifestyle Tags Essentialism, Humanism, Marie Kondo, Minimalists
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The Joy of Finitude: Lessons from "The Bicentennial Man”
March 21, 2026
The Joy of Finitude: Lessons from "The Bicentennial Man”
March 21, 2026

In an age that promises expanded lifetimes and even the “singularity,” a melding of humans with technology for the purposes of immortality, grappling with the finality of death doesn’t seem like a topic for science fiction. But it was for science fiction legend Isaac Asimov. Fifty years ago, he wrote a story that tackled the subject head on with grace, humanity, and empathy: “The Bicentennial Man.” In this short but poignant tale, Asimov paradoxically reflects on the finality of death in a way that celebrates life, and ultimately concludes that consciously anticipating our death is what makes us fully human.

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March 21, 2026
A Gore Vidal Retrospective: Part 2: Playwright, Essayist, and Provocateur (1956-1974)
January 25, 2026
A Gore Vidal Retrospective: Part 2: Playwright, Essayist, and Provocateur (1956-1974)
January 25, 2026

In the mid 1950s, Gore Vidal took a sabbatical from writing novels to try writing plays—specifically plays for television. At the time, television was an extremely new medium, with broadcasters green-lighting a wide swath of productions. In this milieu, live television plays became wildly popular, and Vidal wanted to get in on the action. His plays varied, from wholly original creations to adaptations of famous works. 

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January 25, 2026
America’s Biographer: A Gore Vidal Retrospective: Part 1: Early Years (1946-1954)
October 3, 2025
America’s Biographer: A Gore Vidal Retrospective: Part 1: Early Years (1946-1954)
October 3, 2025

I’ve come to the conclusion that Gore Vidal is, without question or reservation, my favorite author. His interests are my interests (politics, literature, philosophy, history), his politics are largely my politics (a liberal or libertarian socialism), and his writing is what I aspire to as a wordsmith.

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October 3, 2025
The Politics of Humility: Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural
September 14, 2025
The Politics of Humility: Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural
September 14, 2025

For us to rebuild a robust democratic culture, we need to get over having our egos offended and accept that we don’t have all the answers. In short, we need a politics of humility. If we all committed ourselves to thinking before we spoke, listening more instead of shouting over others, and doing the homework needed to articulate informed opinions, this country would be a lot better off. Abraham Lincoln provides us with such an example to emulate. As he said nearly two centuries ago, at the start of his political career, we must gain the esteem of others by rendering ourselves worthy of their esteem. The way to do that is by correctly apportioning our confidence in relation to our competence. Only then can we genuinely make a more just, peaceful, and generous nation.

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September 14, 2025
Short Book Reviews: American History
July 29, 2025
Short Book Reviews: American History
July 29, 2025

The novelist and essayist Gore Vidal once remarked that, “my subject is America,” and I, too, have devoted my life to understanding the United States. And like Vidal, I often research and write about American history in the form of immanent critique, which underscores the difference between the nation’s ideals of liberty and equality and its actual manifestations of power. The following book reviews cover the complex nature of American history, from Lawrence Wright’s day-by-day account of the Camp David Accords to Timothy Egan’s narrative history of the rise and fall of the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana during the 1920s. Acknowledging America’s successes—and its profound failures—is an indispensable practice for possessing a real picture of the United States. I hope that the following reviews are but a small contribution to such a picture.

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July 29, 2025
Short Book Reviews: Science and Society II
April 16, 2025
Short Book Reviews: Science and Society II
April 16, 2025

What ties all these disparate reads together is a grappling with the human condition and our relationship to the broader world. Each book left me with a better understanding of the cosmos than I had before, even when I didn’t always like them. Such is the life of a curious reader amongst the billions of stars and stories.

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April 16, 2025
Crypto and Financial Euphoria
March 17, 2025
Crypto and Financial Euphoria
March 17, 2025

While it would be easy to say this is all new, a consequence of the internet’s revolutionizing effect on capitalism, history shows that speculative booms and bust are a recurrent, endemic part of the economy. This is especially true for items that provide little “use-value,” as Marx referred to it in Capital. Cryptocurrencies are overwhelmingly purchased as a speculative asset rather than a means of exchange in the United States. Only 4.4% of crypto users actually use it to purchase other things, with 92.6% keeping it as a speculative asset, Business Insider noted. Crypto is nothing more than another permutation in a centuries’ long metamorphosis of financial flim-flam.

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March 17, 2025
Short Book Reviews: Presidential History
February 17, 2025
Short Book Reviews: Presidential History
February 17, 2025

The following seven short book reviews cover a wide-range of topics related to the American presidency. Two works on Lincoln, from renowned historian David Herbert Donald and travel author Jan Morris, explore the multifaceted life and times of America’s greatest president. Doris Kearns Goodwin, an aide to President Lyndon B. Johnson and acclaimed presidential historian, gives us a penetrating portrait into LBJ and an insightful meditation on presidential leadership. Michael Dobbs’ day-by-day breakdown of the Watergate scandal and the downfall of President Richard Nixon is a gripping account of a presidency in crisis. The short presidency of Warren G. Harding has been much maligned by historians, but Ryan Walters’ revisionist history of the “Jazz Age President” will make you take a second look at Harding and his accomplishments. Finally, in master historian H.W. Brands’ book on FDR and Charles Lindbergh, we see the debate between internationalism and isolationism, a debate of growing importance in our era.

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February 17, 2025
Obsession and Desire: Stephen King and John Carpenter’s Christine
January 15, 2025
Obsession and Desire: Stephen King and John Carpenter’s Christine
January 15, 2025

Orson Welles reputedly said to filmmaker Henry Jaglom that “the enemy of art is the absence of limitation.” Whether Wells actually said this is up for debate, but nevertheless the statement rings true. John Carpenter, like Stanley Kubrick and Welles himself, epitomizes this maxim as a filmmaker, especially with Christine. He removes so much of the unnecessary fluff of King’s novel to get to the heart of the story, which is that an unhealthy obsession can kill us all. No object of desire, whether it be inanimate or human, makes us whole. Only our own inner life and the meaningful connections we make with others completes our humanity. Arnie represents the perennially broken soul in post-war America, placating his own limitations through an object of adoration. However, in the end, the adored object obliterates him. The world is not full of spiritual phantoms, but human ones— the refuse of unfulfilled dreams. We don’t need ghosts to make the world scary; it’s haunting enough as it is.  

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January 15, 2025
Hope in the Machine: Towards a Humanistic Technology
November 1, 2024
Hope in the Machine: Towards a Humanistic Technology
November 1, 2024

Today we face a choice, one that Fromm anticipated all those years ago. “We are at the crossroads:,” he wrote, “one road leads to a completely mechanized society with man as a helpless cog in the machine—if not to destruction by thermonuclear war; the other to a renaissance of humanism and hope—to a society that puts technique in the service of man's well-being.” I believe that the path of humanism and hope outlined by Fromm is our chance to rebuild the world for human beings, rather than machines. It only takes us imagining a better world and then advocating for it. 

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November 1, 2024

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